C-myc Monocular Antibody (McAb) on Gastric Cancer Cells

C-myc Monocular Antibody (McAb) on Gastric Cancer Cells Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is estimated to be one of the most common and frequent malignant tumor of the digestive system. The incidence and mortality of GC have ranked the second among all tumor diseases worldwide [1-5]. However, it ranks in first place in China[6]. Complete surgical resection is still the standard for all patients with resectable GC. It remains highly problematic for the regional and less common systemic recurrences[7]. Recent improvement in surgical technique, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy has increased the survival rate of patients with early-stage, but the patients who have advanced GC are difficult to cure. With more and more research of molecular biological mechanisms known by us, molecular targeted therapies including cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion have become a popular tumor comprehensive therapy[8]. Some of single-targeted spots are mainly Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1, HER-2), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), Human proto-oncogene (c-MET)[9, 10]. However, it needs a huge space to develop the targeted anticancer drugs. An elegant way to accumulate therapeutic agents at the tumor site is their specific antibodies[11]. Oncogenes are well documented to be involved in mediating apoptosis and cell cycle resulting in cancers[12, 13], its activation can play an important role in the progress of cancer. C-myc is an important member of the c-myc family and a master regulator of genes involved in diverse cellular processes in GC[14]. The c-myc is a nuclear transcription factor which centrally regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis, once c-myc is activated in vivo or in vitro, it is easy to make the cells far from the normal growth and promote cell malignant transformation to cancer finally[15-17]. It was reported that the expression of c-myc is an important consideration in the biological characteristic of GC [18-20]. The previous studies also have proved that c-myc has tight relation with Brest cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, hematopoietic cancer [21-24]. Currently few da ta exist on the occurrence of the c-myc McAb targeting against GC. In this study, we assessed the effects of c-mycMcAb on the Balb/e2nu/2nunude mice model of GC and the human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, and tried to investigate the function of c-myc McAbfor targeting against GC. Materials and Methods Preparation of c-myc monocular antibody (McAb) All experiments involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine. Mice were used in this study from Animal Science Laboratory of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and all effects were made to minimize distress.Thec-myc proteins prepared in E.coliBL21 were used as immunogens.[U1] Before McAb preparation, the c-myc proteins were mixed withequal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Female Balb/c mice aging from 6-8 weeks [U2]were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 ÃŽ ¼g c-myc proteins (1v:1v) in CFA. The immunization was repeated with the same amount of immunogens[U3] in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 14d. A final immunization was performed with 100ÃŽ ¼g mixture of c-myc proteinsand IFA at 28 d. Then, the blood was drawn from the caudal vein and serum titers were measured by ELISA at 35 d. A booster injection was given intraperitoneally at the antibody titers of 640,000[U4] tested by ELISA at 35 d. Five days after boost, spleen cells were isolated and mixed[U5] with SP2/0 myeloma cells. When the Hybrid cells grew to 50%, the positive clones were collected by ELISA. The hybridomas processed by Silica gel H was inoculated intraperitoneally into unsexed Balb/c mice. Then, the mice were scarified and the ascetic fluid was collected. The McAb was purified and the concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) Protein Assay Reagent Kit. Characteristic Identification of c-myc McAb The subtype of purified McAb was determined by antibody chips according to the manufacturer's instructions (Raybitech Company, USA) and antibody titers were measured by ELISA kit (Cistron Biotechnology, Pine Brook, NJ)[25]. The assay was carried out in 96-well polystyrene plates according to the standard procedures [26]. Briefly, c-myc protein (10ÃŽ ¼g) were loaded onto plate in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (PH 9.6) and reacted with McAb at 37oC for 2 h. After washed, the mixture was monitored with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated rabbit-anti-mouse IgG (diluted 1:100; Sigma) at 37oC for 1 h. Nonspecific antibody binding sites wereblocked with 2% FCS in blocking reagent for 15min.The OD450vaule was read with a 96-well plate reader. The antigenic specificity of McAb was determined by Western blot. Purified c-myc protein was transferred into E.coil DH5ÃŽ ± and Cells were lysed inice-cold radioimmunoprecipitation buffer (RIPA) for 30 min and centrifuged to collect the supermanant[27]. Cell lysates were blent with 3Ãâ€" loading buffer (6 % SDS, 15 % 2-mercaptoethanol, 30 % glycerol, and 0.3 mg/mL bromphenol blue in 188 Tris-HCl, pH 6.8), heated at 90oC for 10 min, and then separated by 16 % SDS-PAGE. Separated proteins in the gels were electrophoreticaly transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane, boiled in phosphate buffered saline for 4 min, and blocked with 5 % nonfat dry milk for 20 min[28]. After several rinses, the membranes were incubated with c-myc McAb overnight at 4 oC. McAb were detected by HRP-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgG (50 ÃŽ ¼g/mL) at 22 oC for 1 h. The establishment and treatment of nude mice model of GC Four-to-five-weeks old Balb/c nu/nu mice (body weight was 18 ±1.5g) were purchased for the establishment of nude mice model of GC . The human gastric cancer cell line (SGC-7901) was grown in 10% DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with FCS (100 mL/L), penicillin sodium (100 U/mL) and streptomycin sulfate (100 ÃŽ ¼g/mL), and cultured at a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 oC. Exponentially growing SGC-7901 cells were trypsinized resuspended to make a cell suspension of 2Ãâ€"107 cellls/mL. The nude mouse was injected subcutaneously with the suspension (0.2 mL) into the right and left root. Tumor masses were obvious at 10 d. Mice were randomized into 4 groups including low-dose group, middle-dose group, high-dose group and saline group (10 mice/group). Mice of each treatment group were inoculated intraperitoneally with c-myc McAb weekly (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, respectively), and mice of saline groups were injected with normal saline (0.2 mL) instead. Four weeks after injection, the mice were sacrificed and tumors were examined to calculate the tumor inhibition rates (). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) The procedures of SP immunohistochemical kit (SP kit, Maxim Biotech) were as follows: The tissue of tumors was fixed in 10 % phosphate-buffered Formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at a thickness of 4ÃŽ ¼m. Tissue sections were deparaffnized, hydrated and washed in PBS. Antigen retrieval was performed by combining the tissue with 10mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a microwave for 10 min. Nonspecific protein bindings of tissues was blocked with 5 % normal sheep serum (NSS) for 10 min. after rinsing in PBS, sections were incubated with c-myc McAb at 4 oC overnight at a dilution of 1:100. Secondary antibody (Carpinteria, goat anti-mouse biotenylated, 1:50 in PBS) was applied at room temperature for 30min after washed, and then HRP-conjugated streptavidin were added. The slides were visualized by diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) for 5 min and counterstained with hematoxylin for 2 min, terminated, dehydrated, transparentized, sealed and photographed step by step. Negative controls were prepared by replacing primary antibody with PBS. Western blot analysis C-myc McAb (1 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 2 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 4 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, respectively) were added into SGC-7901cells andcultured for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, for blank controls, the SGC-7901cells were omitted and HFE-145 cells were used instead. Cells were collected and lysed in ice-cold RIPA,and then following sections were mainlysimilar with the procedures of the Characteristic Identification of c-myc McAb. MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (10, 000 cells/well) and cultured at 37 oC in a 5% CO2 incubator after HGC-7901cells and normal gastric cell line HFE-145 were trypsinized. The culture medium was washed with PBS 3 times, and thenc-myc McAb (1 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 2 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 4 ÃŽ ¼g/mL,) were added respectively, 20 mL (5 mg/mL) At the indicated time points (1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 4 d, 5 d), each well were added with 20 mL MTT cultured at 37 oC for 4 h. Then 150 ÃŽ ¼L DMSO was added again to stop the reaction after the supernate were dropped, The plate was read on multiwall plate reader (Thermo Fisher, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) at 570nm. . A dose-response curve was plotted for the HGC-7901cells and HFE-145 cells. Cell adhesion assay Before cell adhesion and migration assays, SGC-7901 cells and HFE-145 cells were serum starved in bascal culture medium overnight. In brief,6-well tissue culture plates were coated with 10ÃŽ ¼g/mL fibronectin and 10 ÃŽ ¼g/mL poly-L-lysine overnight, the wells were washed with PBS-T and blocked with 5 % BSA in PBS-T[29]. SGC-7901cells and HFE-145 cells were released with trypsin to prepare of single cell suspensions. The cells were applied to 6-well tissue culture plates (50 ÃŽ ¼L/well) and incubated at 37oC for 12 h. When cells were grown to approximately 90 % confluence, the c-myc McAb(1 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 2 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 4 ÃŽ ¼g/mL,) were added respectively. Cells were allowed to attach for 2 h, and the culture medium were discarded. Before released with trypsin, cells were washed twice with PBS and 1mM Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). The formula of was used to calculate the adhesion rates. Cell migration assay Cell migration assays were performed in transwell bicameral chambers as described[30]. Matrigel (Becton Dickinson Company, Bedford) at a dilution of 1:100 were coated with culture medium without serum at 37oC for 30 min in the apical chamber. Cells were released with trypsin, washed ,and resuspended at a final concentration of 5Ãâ€"105 cell/mL in serum-free bascal culture medium (EBM) containing 0.1 % BSA. The suspension (100 ÃŽ ¼L), which were seeded on the upper chamber, were mixed with c-myc McAb (1 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 2 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 4 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, respectively). The lower chamber was filled with 500ÃŽ ¼L mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) which were cultured with RPMI (10mM Hepes, 0.5% BSA, pH 7.4). Migration chambers were incubated at 37oC in 5% CO2 incubator for 72h. After removing stationary cells from the upper side of the membrane with a cotton-tipped swab, migrated cells were fixed and stained with 1% crystal violet. Cells were counted in three fields at a magnification of Ãâ€" 400. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle assays HGC-7901cells and HFE-145 cells were seeded into 6-well plates containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with 10% FCS and cultured at 37 oC in a 5% CO2 incubator overnight. Supernatants were discarded, before c-myc McAb (1 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 2 ÃŽ ¼g/mL, 4 ÃŽ ¼g/mL,) were added respectively and attached for 72 h. cells were fixed with pre-cooled ethanol (75%) and stained with Propidium Iodide (PI, Sigma) in the dark at room temperature for 15 min , after centrifuged at 1,000 rpm and rinses in PBS several times. The cell cycle and apoptosis rates were analyzed by FACS (Elite ESP, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA). Statistical analyses Statistical analysis was performed using Software version SPSS11.0. All data was expressed as mean  ± SD (standard deviation). Comparisons were made by Student's t-test and comparisons of parameters were made using one-way analysis of variance among 4 groups. A value of P

John Wayne :: essays research papers

Arguably the most popular — and certainly the busiest — movie leading man in Hollywood history, John Wayne entered the film business while working as a laborer on the Fox Studios lot during summer vacations from university, which he attended on a football scholarship. He met and was befriended by John Ford, a young director who was beginning to make a name for himself in action films, comedies, and dramas. Wayne was cast in small roles in Ford's late-'20s films, occasionally under the name Duke Morrison. It was Ford who recommended Wayne to director Raoul Walsh for the male lead in the 1930 epic Western The Big Trail, it was a failure at the box office, but the movie showed Wayne's potential as a leading actor. During the next nine years, be busied himself in a multitude of B-Westerns and serials — most notably Shadow of the Eagle in between occasional bit parts in larger features such as Warner Bros.' Baby Face. But it was in action roles that Wayne excelled, e xuding a warm and imposing manliness onscreen to which both men and women could respond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1939, Ford cast Wayne as the Ringo Kid in the adventure Stagecoach, a brilliant Western of modest scale but tremendous power, and the actor finally showed what he could do. Wayne nearly stole a picture filled with Oscar-caliber performances, and his career was made. He starred in most of Ford's subsequent major films, whether Westerns (Fort Apache, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, Rio Grande, The Searchers ); war pictures (They Were Expendable); or serious dramas (The Quiet Man). He also starred in numerous movies for other directors, including several extremely popular World War II thrillers (Flying Tigers, Back to Bataan, Fighting Seabees, Sands of Iwo Jima); costume action films (Reap the Wild Wind, Wake of the Red Witch); and Westerns (Red River). His box-office popularity rose steadily through the 1940s, and by the beginning of the 1950s he'd also begun producing movies through his company Wayne-Fellowes, later Batjac, in association with his sons. Most of these films were extremely successful, and included such titles as Angel and the Badman, Island in the Sky , The High and the Mighty ( my personal favorite), and Hondo. The 1958 Western Rio Bravo, directed by Howard Hawks, proved so popular that it was remade by Hawks and Wayne twice, once as El Dorado and later as Rio Lobo.

The city of ember

The city of ember Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Drinking Cancer of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts claimed over 23,000 lives in 1989 and 57,000 additional cases were diagnosed. The majority of individuals who fall prey to this type of cancer are males who abuse both alcohol and tobacco. What is the risk you might ask. The fact that the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus, lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx or larynx. increases dramatically in people who are heavy users of alcohol and tobacco is substantiated by 30 years of collective research.Studies demonstrate that the risk to individuals dually addicted far utweighs the risk to Individuals who abuse only one substance. This confirmed link between alcohol and tobacco abuse and an increased risk in upper alimentary and respiratory tract cancer makes this type ot disease among the most preventable. The Correlation Between Smoking and Drinking . 1t has been observed that Individuals who drink alcohol have d greater tendency to smoke than non-drinkers. One of the first studies to establish and quantify the degree of association between drlnklng and smoking was reported In 1972.The Investigation compared 130 alcoholic men hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal to 100 non-alcoholic psychiatric utpatients, Ninety-four percent of the alcoholic men smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day, as compared to only 46 percent of the non-alcohollcs, who smoked one or more packs per day. Another study. which compared male and female alcoholics enrolled In an army drug and alcohol rehabllltatlon program to non- alcoholic army personnel and their relatives, affirmed the smoking-drinking association.The report found that individuals who were alcoholics smoked an average of 49 cigarettes per day, but that the non-alcoholic subjects smoked only 13 cigarettes per day. In addition, the study established a high correlation between the umber of cigarettes smoked and the grams of alcohol consumed by alcoholics, as opposed to a very weak association for the non-alcoholic control group. similar report, 58 percent ot the non-drinkers were non-smokers, but the individuals who were alcoholics did not abstain from smoking.The finding that smokers who did not drink smoked significantly less than smokers who did drink was further substantiated In additional studies. Why Do Many Drinkers Smoke More? Studies released in the late 1950s, correlating heavy coffee consumption with smoking and drinking, suggested that a strong oral drive caused drinkers to smoke ore frequently. However, new evidence suggests that a strong oral drive is not the culprit. In one study, alcoholics who had successfully stopped drinking demonstrated no appreciable Increase In smoking.In tact, some even smoked less with alcohol abstinence. If a strong oral drive was responsible for the drinking-smoking association, one would expect an increase in smoking during periods of alcohol abstinence. An alternative theory claimed that drinkers smo ked more due to just as much as alcoholics who drink in the company of other people dispelled this theory. The most plausible explanation is that drinkers smoke more than non- rinkers due to a greater physiological need for nicotine. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, is a potent chemical.It has a stimulating effect on the nervous system, causing, among other things, increased heart rate and mental stimulation. Once addicted to nicotine, a person may experience tremors of shakiness as blood levels of nicotine decrease to critically low levels. The smoker will crave another cigarette as blood levels reach this threshold to avoid these uncomfortable symptoms. Alcohol apparently causes blood levels of nicotine to fall more rapidly in smokers by activating enzymes in tissues which metabolize drugs. For example, rats pretreated with ethanol cleared nicotine from their blood more rapidly than rats not receiving ethanol.This research, coupled with numerous independent ob servations, strongly suggests that drinkers must smoke more in order to maintain the blood nicotine levels upon which they have become dependent. Why Is There More Cancer Among Alcohol and Tobacco Users? Investigations are under way to find an answer to this question. Laboratory studies have shown that alcohol enhances the metabolism of several tobacco associated carcinogens, including nitrosamines. It is known that tobacco and its smoke contain many classes f chemical carcinogens which must be activated to react with DNA and initiate steps towards carcinogenesis.Important in this activation process are cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which are induced by alcohol in heavy drinkers. Thus, alcohol and smoking are synergistic in increasing cancer risk. Since alcohol increases the metabolism and hence the need for nicotine, it follows that the success of smoking cessation programs will be improved if drinking habits of patients are controlled. Treatment of incipient alcoholism thus becomes a prerequisite for the ultimate success of behavior modification aimed at the elimination of smoking. The City of Ember The City of Ember is a post apocalyptic fantasy about Ember. I was written by Jeanne DuPrau and published in 2003. Ember is a city which was built by people, in the book know as â€Å"The Builders†, they built this city underground to house its citizens for 200 years. They say that the earth is uninhabitable for those years but never specify why. During these years a box with instructions is passed from mayor to mayor but a plague is spreading and the seventh mayor thinks the box may contain a cure so he tries opening it but dies before it is opened. The box was never returned and it is currently missing. It is now year 241 and the towns recourses are dwindling down. The power source is also not doing well because of the generators age it is not producing enough power. Lina and Doon are two graduates of their school and are both assigned jobs they don't like so they decide to switch. When She finds the box and it has the letter in which the escape route is stated. She does not know and before she can find out her sister chews it until their are hole in it. Lina and Doon eventually make a run for it after unraveling the letters meaning. They are amazed to find a whole new world outside of the small world they lived in. When they eventually reach safety in their newly discovered world they throw the directions down to the city they lived in. The book leaves off with Mrs. Murdo, Lina's guardian finding it and it is a mystery from then on. Overall I enjoyed the book because it was suspense filled and all the action that went on made it fun to read. The ending even had suspense and i would definitely recommend this book to others as a fun read but I stress it is not a challenging one. The city of ember The city of ember Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Drinking Cancer of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts claimed over 23,000 lives in 1989 and 57,000 additional cases were diagnosed. The majority of individuals who fall prey to this type of cancer are males who abuse both alcohol and tobacco. What is the risk you might ask. The fact that the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus, lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx or larynx. increases dramatically in people who are heavy users of alcohol and tobacco is substantiated by 30 years of collective research.Studies demonstrate that the risk to individuals dually addicted far utweighs the risk to Individuals who abuse only one substance. This confirmed link between alcohol and tobacco abuse and an increased risk in upper alimentary and respiratory tract cancer makes this type ot disease among the most preventable. The Correlation Between Smoking and Drinking . 1t has been observed that Individuals who drink alcohol have d greater tendency to smoke than non-drinkers. One of the first studies to establish and quantify the degree of association between drlnklng and smoking was reported In 1972.The Investigation compared 130 alcoholic men hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal to 100 non-alcoholic psychiatric utpatients, Ninety-four percent of the alcoholic men smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day, as compared to only 46 percent of the non-alcohollcs, who smoked one or more packs per day. Another study. which compared male and female alcoholics enrolled In an army drug and alcohol rehabllltatlon program to non- alcoholic army personnel and their relatives, affirmed the smoking-drinking association.The report found that individuals who were alcoholics smoked an average of 49 cigarettes per day, but that the non-alcoholic subjects smoked only 13 cigarettes per day. In addition, the study established a high correlation between the umber of cigarettes smoked and the grams of alcohol consumed by alcoholics, as opposed to a very weak association for the non-alcoholic control group. similar report, 58 percent ot the non-drinkers were non-smokers, but the individuals who were alcoholics did not abstain from smoking.The finding that smokers who did not drink smoked significantly less than smokers who did drink was further substantiated In additional studies. Why Do Many Drinkers Smoke More? Studies released in the late 1950s, correlating heavy coffee consumption with smoking and drinking, suggested that a strong oral drive caused drinkers to smoke ore frequently. However, new evidence suggests that a strong oral drive is not the culprit. In one study, alcoholics who had successfully stopped drinking demonstrated no appreciable Increase In smoking.In tact, some even smoked less with alcohol abstinence. If a strong oral drive was responsible for the drinking-smoking association, one would expect an increase in smoking during periods of alcohol abstinence. An alternative theory claimed that drinkers smo ked more due to just as much as alcoholics who drink in the company of other people dispelled this theory. The most plausible explanation is that drinkers smoke more than non- rinkers due to a greater physiological need for nicotine. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, is a potent chemical.It has a stimulating effect on the nervous system, causing, among other things, increased heart rate and mental stimulation. Once addicted to nicotine, a person may experience tremors of shakiness as blood levels of nicotine decrease to critically low levels. The smoker will crave another cigarette as blood levels reach this threshold to avoid these uncomfortable symptoms. Alcohol apparently causes blood levels of nicotine to fall more rapidly in smokers by activating enzymes in tissues which metabolize drugs. For example, rats pretreated with ethanol cleared nicotine from their blood more rapidly than rats not receiving ethanol.This research, coupled with numerous independent ob servations, strongly suggests that drinkers must smoke more in order to maintain the blood nicotine levels upon which they have become dependent. Why Is There More Cancer Among Alcohol and Tobacco Users? Investigations are under way to find an answer to this question. Laboratory studies have shown that alcohol enhances the metabolism of several tobacco associated carcinogens, including nitrosamines. It is known that tobacco and its smoke contain many classes f chemical carcinogens which must be activated to react with DNA and initiate steps towards carcinogenesis.Important in this activation process are cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which are induced by alcohol in heavy drinkers. Thus, alcohol and smoking are synergistic in increasing cancer risk. Since alcohol increases the metabolism and hence the need for nicotine, it follows that the success of smoking cessation programs will be improved if drinking habits of patients are controlled. Treatment of incipient alcoholism thus becomes a prerequisite for the ultimate success of behavior modification aimed at the elimination of smoking.

Irish Mythology History and Legacy

Irish mythology is a collection of pre-Christian beliefs detailing the histories and legends of ancient Ireland. These beliefs include descriptions and stories of deities, heroes, and kings measured in four distinct, chronological cycles.   Key Takeaways Irish mythology is a branch of Celtic mythology detailing the legends and histories of ancient Ireland.  It includes four distinct chronological cycles: Mythological, Ulster, Fenian, and Historical.  Ã‚  The oldest of these, the Mythological Cycle, details the supernatural first inhabitants of Ireland, known as the Tuatha Dà © Dannan.  These myths and legends were recorded by Christian monks in the 11th century, and many ancient Irish deities influenced the later canonization of Catholic saints, including St. Patrick and St. Brigid. Irish tales were recorded by 11th-century Christian monks, which helped make Irish mythology the most well-preserved branch of Celtic mythology. In some parts of Ireland, there is still a belief in the Creideamh Sà ­, or fairy faith, that coexists with Catholicism. What Is Irish Mythology? Irish mythology is a branch of Celtic mythology which details the origin stories and deities, kings, and heroes of ancient Ireland. Celtic mythology encompasses the collections of Brittonic, Scottish, and Irish ancient beliefs and practices passed down by oral tradition. Among these, Irish mythology is the best preserved, owing to the Christian monks that entered the tales into the written historical record during the Middle Ages. Ancient Irish myths are measured into four cycles. Each cycle details a group of pre-Christian deities, legendary heroes, or ancient kings, and the four cycles together chronologize the fabled settlement of the Emerald Isle. Mythological Cycle: The first Irish mythological cycle details the arrival and disappearance of the first inhabitants of Ireland, a group of godlike or supernatural people called Tuatha Dà © Dannan. The disappearance of these people gave rise to the Aos Sà ­, more contemporary mythical Irish creatures including leprechauns, changelings, and the Banshee.  Ulster Cycle: The second cycle is thought to have taken place in the 1st century, around the time of the birth of Jesus Christ. It details quests and feats of ancient heroes, specifically in the areas of Ulster, in the north, and Leinster, in the east.  Fenian Cycle: The third cycle recounts the journey of the hero Fionn mac Cumhaill and his mighty warriors, known as the Fianna.  Historical Cycle: The final Irish mythological cycle, known as the Cycle of the Kings, is the history and genealogy of ancient Irish royals as told by court poets. For centuries, Irish folklore passed through generations by oral tradition, though by the 11th century, they had been written down by monks. As a result, threads of Christianity are present in stories that would have had no notion of Christian faith. For example, the Mythological Cycle refers to the first settlers of Ireland as supernatural, godlike, or skilled in magic but never as gods, deities, or holy entities, though they would have been sacred to ancient people. Irish Mythical Deities   Ancient Irish mythological characters include venerated kings, heroes, and gods. The first cycle of Irish mythology, aptly known as the Mythological Cycle, is comprised of stories outlining the fabled founding of Ireland by the Tuatha Dà © Dannan and, later, the Aos Sà ­. The Tuatha Dà © Dannan disappeared, giving rise to the Aos Sà ­, who existed in a parallel universe alongside venerated ancestors, ancient kings, and legendary heroes. This universe, called the Tir na nOg or the Otherworld, can be accessed on certain occasions at sacred places, including burial mounds, fairy hills, stone circles, and cairns.   Tuatha Dà © Dannan According to legend, the Tuatha Dà © Dannan, or â€Å"People of the goddess Danu,† were supernatural creatures with human forms that were skilled in magical arts. Their story is recorded in the Book of Invasions, one of the texts written by the 11th-century monks. The Book of Invasions detailed how the godlike people descended into Ireland with a thick fog that encompassed the land, and when the fog lifted, the Tuatha Dà © Dannan remained. When the Milesians, the ancient ancestors of the Irish people, arrived in Ireland, they conquered the land, and the Tuatha Dà © Dannan disappeared. Some legends say they left Ireland completely and permanently, retreating to the Otherworld, while others say they blended together with the Milesians, passing some of the magic of the mythical deities into lives of the modern Irish people. Some of the most venerated figures of the Tuatha Dà © Dannan include: Dagda: God of life and death, patriarchLir: God of the sea  Ogma: God of learning, creator of Ogham scriptLugh: God of sun and light  Brighid: goddess of health and fertility  Tree de Dana: Gods of crafts; Goibniu, the blacksmith, Credne, the goldsmith, and Luchtaine, the carpenter Aos Sà ­ The Aos Sà ­, also known as the Sidhe (pronounced sith), are the â€Å"People of the Mounds† or the â€Å"Otherworldly Folk,† the contemporary depictions of the fairy folk. They are widely considered to be the descendants or manifestations of the Tuatha Dà © Dannan who retreated the Otherworld, where they walk amongst human beings but generally tend to live separately from them. The common and contemporary Irish characterizations are rooted in the Aos Sà ­. Some of the most recognizable fairies are:   Leprechaun: A solitary shoemaker known for causing mischief and keeping pots of gold.The Banshee: Similar to the Latin American myth of La Llorona, the Banshee is a woman whose wailing signifies death.  Changelings: A fairy child left in the place of a human child. Sick or disabled babies and children were often thought to be changelings, leading to devastating consequences until as recently as 1895, when Bridget Cleary was killed by her husband, who believed her to be a changeling. The Aos Sà ­ are known to inhabit places from which the Otherworld is accessible, including fairy hills, fairy rings, and notable geographical features like lakes, rivers, hills, and mountains. The Aos Sà ­ are fiercely protective of their spaces, and they are known to seek vengeance on those who enter, intentionally or not. Though the Aos Sà ­ are mythical creatures, there is a strong sense of the Creideamh Sà ­, or Fairy Faith, cultivated by some Irish people. The purpose of Creideamh Sà ­, which coexists with Catholicism, is not necessarily worship, but rather the fostering of good relations. Followers of the Fairy Faith are conscious of sacred spaces, careful not to enter them or build over them.   Christian Influence on Irish Mythology The Christian monks and scholars who recorded ancient Irish myths did so with the bias of faith. As a result, Christian development and ancient mythology significantly influenced each other. For example, Ireland’s two patron saints, St. Patrick and St. Brigid, are rooted in ancient Irish mythology. St. Patrick The most glaring amalgamation of religious practices can be found in the annual celebration of St. Patrick’s Day, a holiday with Catholic roots that almost always features leprechauns in some capacity. Contemporary holidays aside, early Christians in Ireland revered  St. Patrick as a symbol of the triumph of Christianity over paganism. However, particularly in the same medieval texts that outline ancient Irish history,  St. Patrick is not documented as a warrior, but rather as a mediator between Christian and Pagan cultures.   St. Brigid Most people who are familiar with Ireland recognize St. Brigid of Kildare as the second patron saint of the Emerald Isle, as well as the saint of a handful of other stations and vocations, including babies, midwives, Irish nuns, dairymaids. It is less commonly known that the story of St. Brigid is rooted in the legend of Brighid, one of the deities of the ancient Tuatha Dà © Dannan. Brigid was the daughter of Dagda and the goddess of fertility and health, much like St. Brigid. Sources   Bartlett, Thomas. Ireland: a History. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Bradley, Ian C. Celtic Christianity: Making Myths and Chasing Dreams. Edinburgh U.P, 2003.Croker, Thomas Crofton. Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland. Murray (U. A.), 1825.Evans-Wentz, W. Y. The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. Pantianos Classics, 2018.Gantz, Jeffrey. Early Irish Myths and Sagas. Penguin Books, 1988.Joyce, P. W. A Social History of Ancient Ireland. Longmans, 1920.Koch, John Thomas. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006.MacKillop, James. Myths and Legends of the Celts. Penguin, 2006.Wilde, Lady Francesca Speranza. Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland: with Sketches of the Irish Past. Ticknor and Co., 1887.

The Definition of Ethnicity in Sociology

In sociology, ethnicity is a concept referring to a shared culture and a way of life. This can be reflected in language, religion, material culture such as clothing and cuisine, and cultural products such as music and art. Ethnicity is often a major source of social cohesion as well as social conflict. The world is home to thousands of ethnic groups, from the Han Chinese—the largest ethnic group in the world—to the smallest indigenous groups, some of which include only a few dozen people. Almost all of these groups possess a shared history, language, religion, and culture, which provide group members with a common identity. Learned Behavior Ethnicity, unlike race, is not based on biological traits, except in the case of ethnic groups that recognize certain traits as requirements for membership. In other words, the cultural elements that define a particular ethnic group are taught, not inherited. This means that the boundaries between ethnic groups are, to some degree, fluid, allowing for individuals to move between groups. This can happen, for example, when a child from one ethnic group is adopted into another, or when an individual undergoes a religious conversion. It can also happen through the process of acculturation, whereby members of a native group are forced to adopt the culture and manners of a dominating host group. Ethnicity should not be confused with nationality, which refers to citizenship. While some countries are largely composed of a single ethnic group (Egypt, Finland, Germany, China), others are composed of many different groups (United States, Australia, Philippines, Panama). The rise of nation-states in Europe in the 1600s led to the creation of many countries that are still ethnically homogenous today. The population of Germany, for example, is 91.5 percent German. Countries that were founded as colonies, on the other hand, are more likely to be home to multiple ethnicities. Examples Different ethnic groups do not use the same criteria to define group membership. While one group may emphasize the importance of a shared language, another may emphasize the importance of a shared religious identity. French Canadians are an ethnic group for whom language is paramount. It is what connects them to the French colonists who first settled Canada in the 1600s and what distinguishes them from English Canadians, Scottish Canadians, and Irish Canadians. Other aspects of culture, such as religion, are less significant when it comes to defining who is and is not French Canadian. Most French Canadians are Christians, but some are Catholic and others are Protestant. In contrast, religion is an essential part of ethnic identity for groups such as the Jews. Unlike French Canadians, Jews do not define themselves based on a single shared language. In fact, Jewish communities throughout the world have developed a variety of different languages, including Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Aramaic (not to mention the many Jews who speak English, French, German, or any other of the worlds many languages). Because ethnic groups are self-defined, it is important to remember that no single aspect of group identity (language, religion, etc.) can be used to sort people into one group or another. Flashpop / Getty Images Race vs. Ethnicity Unlike ethnicity, race is based on physical traits that are inherited, such as skin color and facial features. Racial categories are broader than ethnic categories. Today, for example, the U.S. Census divides people into five racial categories: white, black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native,  Asian, and  Native Hawaiian  or Other Pacific Islander. Modern scientists regard race as a social construct, and racial categories, like ethnic categories, have changed over time. What Is My Ethnicity? Because ethnicity is more of a cultural practice than a science, you probably grew up understanding your own ethnicity in a way that tests will never be able to measure. The food you ate, the traditions you practiced, and the language(s) you spoke are all essential aspects of your ethnic identity. If you are interested in learning more about your exact ancestry, you can do so using a variety of DNA testing services. DNA Testing for Ethnicity DNA testing—available through services such as 23andMe, MyHeritage, and LivingDNA—allows people to explore their genealogy using their genetic information. Examining DNA can reveal information about a persons ancestry and ethnic background. While the principles of DNA testing are sound, the private companies that offer this service through home-testing kits have been criticized for their methodologies. Sheldon Krimsky, a scientist at Tufts University, says that these companies don’t share their data, and their methods are not validated by an independent group of scientists. Since each company uses a different database of genetic information, Krimsky says the tests can only give an indication of probabilities: The results are in no way definitive; instead each company uses common genetic variations as the basis for saying the  probability  is that 50 percent of your DNA is, for example, from North Europe and 30 percent is from Asia, based on how it compares to the information in its database. However, if you send DNA to a second company, you might get different results, because it has a different database. The popularity of DNA testing for ancestry has also generated concerns about data privacy.

Teaching English Vocabulary Using Games - 4620 Words

|Vol 36 No 1, January - March 1998 Page 20|PREVIOUS ... CONTENTS ... SEARCH ... NEXT | | |The Use of Games | | | |For Vocabulary Presentation and Revision | | | |by Agnieszka Uberman | | | | |Vocabulary acquisition is increasingly viewed as crucial to language acquisition. | | | | | |However, there is much disagreement as to the effectiveness of different approaches for | | | | | |presenting vocabulary items. Moreover, learning vocabulary†¦show more content†¦As French Allen perceives them, dictionaries are passports to independence, and using them is| | | |one of the student-centered learning activities (1983:83). | | | | | | | | | | | |Using games | | | |The advantages of using games. Many experienced textbook and methodology manuals writers have argued that | | | |games are not just time-filling activities but have a great educational value. W. R. Lee holds that most | | | |language games make learners use the language instead of thinking about learning the correct forms (1979:2). | | | |He also says that games should be treated as central not peripheral to the foreign language teaching | | | |programme. A similar opinion is expressed by Richard-Amato, who believes games to be fun but warns against | | | |overlooking their pedagogical value, particularly in foreign language teaching. There are many advantages of | | | |using games. Games can lower anxiety, thus making the acquisition of input more likely (Richard-Amato | | | |1988:147). They are highly motivating andShow MoreRelatedReview Of Related Literature On English Students1363 Words   |  6 PagesII. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A.Vocabulary As in the know vocabulary is a collection of words which is one important part in learning English which is the second language of the mother tongue. 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Background For some language teachers, teaching vocabulary is challenging, especially in English Language Teaching classroom. Nowadays, the teacher should provide a vocabulary teaching which avoiding vocabulary list memorization or vocabulary translation. Besides, the teacher also should consider about the students’ different ability to master vocabulary. Some language studentsRead MoreVideo Game Effects On Childrens Development930 Words   |  4 PagesVIDEO GAME EFFECTS ON CHILDRENS DEVELOPMENT It is believed the average gamer usually ages 13 and up spends up to 6.3 hours a day playing video games. That is an alarming rate, which concerns both the public and scientist. Through out this paper three different articles will be analyzed and their view on the impact of video games on children’s and adolescents. The first article to be discussed is â€Å"Prospective Investigation of Video Game Use in Children and Subsequent Conduct Disorder and DepressionRead MoreEnglish Classroom Observation Report1549 Words   |  7 Pagesempirical data from the observations carried out in a Kindergarten I have been observing since March. Regarding the English teacher, she has utter freedom in what and how to teach. Nevertheless, she tries to plan the lessons with the main teacher to try to present the learners similar vocabulary in Spanish and in English. The aim of the institution is that students can approach to English in a friendly and positive atmosphere. Read MoreScholarly Articles On Teaching And Learning1305 Words   |  6 Pagesarticles about teaching and learning in the English discipline. 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Resolution Regimes for Financial Institution †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Resolution Regimes for Financial Institution. Answer: Introduction: There are several controversies surrounding the roles played by the Fair value Measurement in the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). There those who think that Fair Value has been used as a scapegoat to avoid the real cause of GFC while others strongly believe that fair value played a major role in the crisis. This evaluates the application of fair value in accounting and financial reporting by both the international and Australian accounting agencies (Benston, 2008). The paper is divided into three parts. The first part discusses my view on the role of accounting standards (fair value) on GFC and the remedies taken by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The second part address the problems related to the prior accounting standards and why the IASBs took actions to improve fair value accounting. Last, part three discusses the influence of IASB on the Australian Accounting Standards. In the first part, the essay critically addresses the role of accounting standards on GFC. Just like other accounting analysts, I believe that fair value accounting has been used as a scapegoat. There are several factors that contributed to the financial crisis. At the top of the list are regulatory and political factors which are beyond the fair value accounting. Fair value accounting is just like a messenger who cannot be castigated based on the message content. Financial illiteracy was at the heart of GFC (Arya Reinstein, 2010). Lack of knowledge on the application of the accounting standard played a major role in an economic downturn. It is the auditors, analysts and statement preparers who contributed to the financial crisis and not the fair value accounting standards. The fair value accounting was introduced in 2006, and only a handful financial analysts and accountants were fair with the standards prior to the 2008/9 financial crisis. Most of the personnel were familiar with the traditional accounting model while they were required to apply fair value accounting. If this personnel were familiar with the standards, the impact of the GFC would have been minimized (Sherry, 2009). Fair value accounting method is more relevant and transparent than the traditional accounting methods. Therefore, the problem should be blamed on lack of understanding and knowledge by the accountants, analysts, auditors, and management. They did not understand the effect recognition of unrealized gains and losses on the entity (Pozen, 2009). Likewise, the users could not properly evaluate the timing, amount and the uncertainties surrounding financial statements prepared using fair value accounting model. In response to the claims, the IASB took several initiatives. The board now work closes with accounting standards from different nations to set standards that are accepted globally. For example, the body has pushed for the global adoption of the IFRS and a method to promote global financial stability (Ratcliffe, 2007). For example, IASB has adopted standardized Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), securitization model, and aligning the IFRS with the U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Likewise, the accounting board has harmonized the treatment of consolidated data on credit risks and bilateral counterparty in the banking and financial sectors (Arya Reinstein, 2010). The second part is to address the problems related to the prior accounting standards and why the IASBs took actions to improve fair value accounting. The Accounting Standard IAS 39 addresses the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. However, following the GFC, there was a debate on how best to measure the fair value. The crisis led to the decrease of fair value of different financial instruments resulting from forced liquidation, distress sales and inactive markets (King, 2009). To resolve the problem, The IASB clarified on the implementation of the accounting standards with respect to the fair value accounting. IASB published guidelines on fair value measurement in the illiquid market management. The amendments allowed entities to reclassify given financial items. The reclassification allowed companies to value some items based on the historical cost rather than the fair value (Power, 2010). In analyzing what led to the amendment of the fair value accounting method, the measurement before GFC should be considered. IASB had IAS 32 and 39 accounting standards to address the treatment of financial instruments. IAS 32 addressed instrument disclosure and presentation while IAS 39 addressed instrument Recognition and Measurement. In 2005, the IASB introduced IFRS 7 stated that financial instruments, either they are measured at fair value or not, should be disclosure (King, 2009). Under the first category, the IAS was amended to grant companies with a choice of using fair value in measuring its financial instruments. Entities were supposed to value their assets and liabilities at the fair value at the issuance or acquisition period. The changes in the value of financial items had to be recognized in the income (FSB [Financial Stability Board], 2011). Category 2 addressed fair value through profit or loss. The clause stated that financial assets and liabilities held for trading purposes were to be measured at their fair value as well. Category 3 and 5 stated that loans, receivables, and fixed maturity debts had to be recorded using their historical cost after the deduction of subsequent depreciation, impairment, and amortization. Last (Aubin, 2010). Category 4 addressed available for sales. Financial assets and liabilities held for the purposes of sales should be recorded as the fair value and the realized changes to be recognized in the equity. The amended stated that such changes would only affect the income statement after the actual sale of the item (Benston, 2008). After the GFC, the IASB made three amendments. First, IAS 39 was amended to allow reclassification of certain financial items under given circumstances. Second, the requirements for disclosure of financial instruments was extended. And three, IASB published the guidance on the application of fair value in the illiquid markets. The amendment was meant to offer more transparency on the application of accounting standards in the global market. More specifically, the amendments were meant to reduce the differences between US GAAP and IFRS. Before the amendments, the European companies were disadvantaged when it came to their competitiveness in the global market (Ratcliffe, 2007). By amending IFRS 7, to include more disclosure of the reclassifications of financial instruments, IASB increased the transparency of financial reporting to the investors. For example, companies are under obligation to disclose a detailed analysis on the impact of the reclassification of items. Clear, the amendments offered mitigation to the problems associated with the fair value measurement prior and during the financial crisis management (Ratcliffe, 2007). Finally, part three discusses the influence of IASB on the Australian Accounting Standards. Following the Global Financial crisis, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) welcomed the move to amend its accounting standards in line with the IASB (LANDSMAN, 2007). According to the Press Release No.67 by Nick Sherry, the then Minister for Superannuation and Corporate Law, we welcome the decision by the AASB to amend the Accounting standards so as to remain consistent with the new accounting guidance by the IASB (Sherry, 2009). The board acknowledged that the GFC had raised concern on the classification particular financial instruments. The amendments were meant to reclassify stressed financial instruments to conform to the IASB and the US GAAP. The objective was to ensure that the AASB produced well-informed and consistent financial reports and statements which offer useful and accurate information to the financial analysts and stakeholders. Likewise, the amendments would enhance transparency, investors confidence and promote the entry of the Australian firms in the global markets (Ratcliffe, 2007). The amendments on the AASB were as a result of adopted changes by the IASB in 2008 which allowed companies to choose between reclarifying some financial instruments using either the fair value measurement or historical cost basis. The adoption of new changes and proposed amendments by the AASB was meant to offer a coordinated accounting approach to the global accounting standard boards with an objective of addressing the existing challenges on financial reporting (Barth Landsman, 2010). Generally, the amendments were meant to address the economic and financial crisis in the future. IASB had adopted an accounting approach similar to the US GAAP and US Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). Therefore, the amendments ensured that the Australian companies could complete in their international counterparts (King, 2009). The AASB has played a critical role in the creation and global adoption of International Accounting Standards (IAS). With a close partnership with Canada, United Kingdom, United States, and New Zealand, Australia has contributed immensely to the development of the accounting standards. The AASB has its own representatives in the IASB who represents the views of the AASB as well as ensuring that the AASB accounting guidelines are aligned to those of IASB (FSB [Financial Stability Board], 2011). Clearly, AASB is well represented in the IASB and it has ensured that its accounting rules and principles are in line with those of IASB. Today the Australian companies can compete fairly in the global market thanks to the adoption of IASB (Arya Reinstein, 2010). In conclusion, the global financial crisis should not be blamed squarely on fair value measurement. There are several factors that contributed to the GFC. Financial illiteracy on the application of fair value method in one of them. Following the crisis, the IASB proposed new amendments to IAS 39 in an attempt to iron out the previous arising issues. Likewise, the AASB also adopted the IASB guidelines to ensure that the financial reporting by its entities show transparency, integrity and a true and fair value. Lastly, the IASB and the AASB are amended from time to time to be at Par with the accounting trends. References Arya, A., Reinstein, A. (2010). Recent Developments in Fair Value Accounting. The CPA Journal. Aubin, D. (2010). Mark-to-Market Plan Could be Modified: FASB Member. Reuters. Barth, M. E., Landsman, W. R. (2010). How did financial reporting contribute to the financial crisis? European Accounting Review, 19(3), 399-423. Benston, G. J. (2008). The shortcomings of fair-value accounting described in SFAS157. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(2), 101-114. FSB [Financial Stability Board]. (2011). Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions. New York: FSB. King, A. M. (2009). Determining fair value . Strategic Finance , 90 (7): 27-32. LANDSMAN, W. (2007). Is fair value accounting information relevant and reliable? Evidence from capital market research. Accounting, 19-30. Power, M. (2010). Fair Value Accounting, Financial Economics, and the Transformation of Reliability. Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 40, No. 3. Pozen, R. C. (2009). Is It Fair to Blame Fair Value Accounting for the Financial Crisis? New York: Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2009/11/is-it-fair-to-blame-fair-value-accounting-for-the-financial-crisis Ratcliffe, T. A. (2007). The finer points of fair value. Journal of Accountancy , 204 (6): 58-61. Sherry, N. (2009, June 8). Australian Accounting Standards Amended in Global Action to Address Impact of Credit Crisis. Retrieved from Australian Government: The Treasury: https://ministers.treasury.gov.au/DisplayDocs.aspx?doc=pressreleases/2008/067.htmpageID=003min=njsYear=DocType=